1. Contrast the terms phenotype versus genotype and give several examples related to antibiotic resistance in Staph. aureus and Coliforms.
2. What does MLST stand for and how is it determined?
3. What are disadvantages of using resistance genotype compared with a phenotype?
4. Contrast the terms pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics when applied to antibiotics and their action against microorganisms.
5. What does phylogeny mean?

References/reading

• New tree of life (Nature Microbiology 2012) – the phylogeny of life as shown by whole genome sequencing
• Microbiome review (BMJ 2017) – i will email you the pdf.
• WHO AMR Fact Sheet (Jan 2018)